History of Asian Martial Arts
Scope of Information
We acknowledge that we do not cover the roots of all Asian Martial Arts. In time, maybe we can include many more. Please understand that the staff of Heiwa-Ryu Martial Arts Academy has done a considerable amount of research in developing the information found below. However, this information should not be accepted as absolute without you (the reader) doing your own research in order to validate this information for yourself.

History - We will not attempt to present a detailed history of the Martial Arts on this web site since there are many books that have been published which are much more scholarly and complete.

The serious "traveler" should at this time go to a library and read the following books which are also listed in our bibliography:
1. Asian Fighting Arts, by Donn Draeger and Robert Smith
2. What Is Karate, by Mas Oyama
3. This Is Karate, by Mas Oyama
4. Advanced Karate, by Mas Oyama
5. Karate, by Nishiyama and Brown
6. Bushido - The Soul of Japan, by Inazo Nitobe
7. Weaponless Warriors, by Hanshi Richard Kim
8. Martial Arts - Traditions, History, People, by John Corcoran and Emil Farkas
9. Kyusho-Jitsu, by Hanshi George Dillman

There are many other sources of historical data and anecdotes that will expose you to the type of mind and the horizons of warrior people in the past.

"Those that do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it."

In the following pages we have briefly listed certain events in China, Japan, Okinawa, Korea, and Burma so that as you read about, say, China, you can cross reference events in other countries. The charts will not be meaningful if used strictly as a chronological device; their purpose is to "jog" your memory.

Topics

China
Japan
Okinawa
Korea
Burma
History/Roots of the Tai Chi

China
Indexed by Year and Major Dynasties - Martial Arts as well as other cultural happenings.

2000 BC	*Hsia Dynasty*
	a. Animals are domesticated b. Potters wheel is introduced c. The study of herbs and human physiology practiced - 1st root of the Tai Chi

1700-1100 BC	*Shang Dynasty*
	a. Wheeled chariots in warfare b. Stylized picture writings c. Stirrup invented d. Spear formally used in combat e. Bow and arrow f. I Ch'ing (Book of Changes) codified

1000-221 BC	*Chou Dynasty*
700 BC	a. Shuae-Chiao - wrestling.
565 BC	b. Confucius - teacher travels from one feudal court to another preaching and teaching respect for tradition, morality, and duty.
500 BC	c. *Lao Tsu* - teacher preaches conformity in the Tao Te Ch'ing, The way of Nature and Virtue - this system is later called *Taoism. d. I Ho Ch'uan* - "Righteous Fist" is developed. e. A written legal code is established.
450 BC	f. Cavalry and horse tactics, armor, and weapons developed by the Northern nomads is adopted by the Chou soldiers. Iron swords in use.
372-289 BC	Mencius - follower of Confucius, teaches that man's nature is basically good.

221-206 BC	*Ch'in Dynasty*
	a. All eastern China brought under Ch'in's power. b. Chin-na developed - these are techniques of applying pressure to bones and tendons - the precursor of Ju-jutsu - possible cross-over from/to Tai Chi.
3 BC	c. Great Wall of China started construction along the northern borders.

206 BC-220 AD	*Han Dynasty*
1 BC	a. Buddhist priests bring Buddhist doctrines to China.
65 AD	b. Gunpowder invented. c. Northern silk trade route to West. d. Hua To - original series of exercises based on movements of the five animals: tiger, bear, bird, monkey, and deer. e. The Analects and the five classics are engraved in stone. f. Paper invented.

220-618 AD	*Sui and Six Kingdoms*
	a. Lao Tsu is canonized. b. Pictures of the life of Buddha are painted on the walls at Hun Huang. c. Northern China falls to the nomadic barbarians.
500 AD	d. Bodhidharma, or Ta Mo, comes to China and introduces Yoga-type breathing and exercises to the Shaolin Temple.

502-557 AD	*Liang Period*
	Military leader Cheng Ling-Xi encourages soldiers to practice Tai Chi - "Cheng wrote essays documenting his soldier's successes to show the martial effectiveness of Tai Chi Ch'uan. Several generations later in the Cheng family, Cheng Bi, a scholar of the Imperial Court, wrote that Tai Chi existed long before his illustrious military ancestor, Cheng Ling-Xi."¹

618-907 AD	*T'ang Dynasty*
	a. Expansion into Southeast Asia. b. Famous dragon horses brought to court from Central China.
620 AD	c. Chinese porcelain becomes well known. d. Grand Canal built connecting Northern China with Southern China.
700 AD	e. Shaolin Temple and its systems of boxing at Henan Province influence the martial arts all over China. f. Tai Chi Ch'uan system is recorded in use in Henan Province.
843-845 AD	g. T'ang government persecutes Buddhists - burned 4,600 large temples and over 40,000 smaller ones.

960-1279 AD	*Sung Dynasty*
	a. Reunited country, fine porcelains and landscape paintings. b. Chang Ch'uan - long boxing - one of the Tai Chi Ch'uan forms is recorded as being practiced. c. Hsing Yi Ch'uan is recorded as being practiced - emphasis on vertical strength and fist - later only taught with Pa Kua in 1796. d. Internal Systems (Chi) and External Systems (Li) are more clearly defined. Internal - Will - Internal - Will - Hsin - Chi - Jing - Application. This process emphasized the training of bones, muscles, and exercises of Chi Kung - the discipline and extension of the Will. The subduing of opponents by stillness and defeating him at the instant of the attack. External - Eye - fist - foot - muscle strength and muscular coordination. Stressed regulation of breath, training of muscles and the ability to advance and retreat quickly.

1279-1368 AD	*Yuan Dynasty*
	a. Mongols control China from Peking. b. Kubla Khan most famous emperor.

1368-1644 AD	*Ming Dynasty* - Much Chinese culture flourished. Native rulers. Great fleets went abroad for trade and collecting tribute. a. Chin-na - art of seizing and joint control is exported to Japan.

1644-1911 AD	*Ch'ing (Manchu) Dynasty*
	a. Manchu were invaders from the North, they were alien to Chinese culture.
1900	b. Many secret boxing societies were established probably many clans close (Boxer Rebellion). c. Western invasion of China. d. Many masters in the martial arts killed and many take to the mountains, or go to Taiwan and Hong Kong.
1912	e. Birth of the Republic. f. Pa Kua (uses of horizontal strength and open palm). The Eight Ways. g. Pa Kua and Hsing Yi Boxing were both taught together since 1796.

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Japan	Indexed by Year and Era - Martial Arts as well as other cultural happenings. See current history books for update after 1931.
200 BC-250 AD	*Yayoi Era*
	a. Contact with China and Korea b. Spear appears - probably an import from China. c. Metalworking comes to Japan.

250-550 AD	*Kofun (Tumulus) Era*
	a. Long bow.
500	b. T'ang and Sung contact (Bo and Jo).

552-673 AD	*Asuka Era*
574	a. Prince Shotaku brought religion and culture of China to Japan.
593	b. Empress Seiko. Michinou-no-Mikoto. Pioneer of Ninjutsu or Shinobi-jutsu.
600	c. Japanese invasion of Korea.
574	d. Taiko Reform

700-794 AD	*Nara Era* - Definite Chinese Influence.
	a. First curved sword blade by Amakuni.
710	b. Korean influence disappears and Chinese-Persian influence felt.

794-1185 AD	*Heian Era*
	a. Curved blade introduced
805	b. Decline of Buddhism in the upper classes. Rise of Buddhism in the middle and lower classes. Age of gentility.
894	c. Diplomatic relations broken with China.
939-941	d. Tonkei War
980	e. Masatsugu Zensho (Hoki Ryu - bow).
1100's	f. Rise of Bushido and the rise of the military families.
1150	g. Relations with China re-established. Introduction of Zen to the already existing Buddhist sects by Eisai and Dogen (monks) "But the Samurai were above all else warriors and it was as warriors that Zen appealed to them. For it was a contemplative and austere religious philosophy that could satisfy the military mind which was striving to better itself."
1156	h. Hogen War )
1159-1160	i. Heiji Wars ) Naginata
1180	j. Gempei War. Minamoto vs. Taira.
1185	j. Ichi-no-Tani. Minamoto vs. Taira. l. Don-no-Ura. Minamoto vs. Taira.

1185-1382 AD	*Kamakura Era - The Shogunate*
	a. Rise of the Samurai and rule of the Shogun.
1199	b. End of Minamoto rule and start of Jojo family leadership; the Shogunate. c. Monks and priests practicing Bo and Jo techniques.
1221	d. Shokyu War.
1274	e. Mongols attempt to invade Japan - repulsed.
1281	f. Mongols again attempt to invade Japan - repulsed.

1392-1500 AD	*Muromachi (Ashikaga) Era*
	a. Izasa Ienao (1387-1488 AD) founded a famous Ryu-ha in Bo-jutsu, Jo-jutsu, and Ken-jutsu.
1532-1573 AD	*Golden Age of Ninjutsu*
1532	a. Take-no-uchi established his Ryu-ha in this year. Jujutsu (kicking, striking, kneeling, throwing, choking, joint-locking, weapons, holds, and tying) grew as a secondary system of the Bugei; a complement to Ken-jutsu.
1550	b. Introduction of firearms to Japan by Portuguese traders.
1579	a. Oda Nobunaga destroys the bulk of the Buddhist temples.

1568-1603 AD	*Momoyama Era*
1579	a. Oda Nobunaga tries a repeat performance.
1586-87	b. Sword edict by Hideyoshi Toyotomi.
1592	c. Japan invades Korea..
1593	d. Japan withdraws from Korea..
1597	e. Invasion of Korea again..
1598	f. Withdrawal from Korea..
1584-1645	Miyamoto Musashi, Japan's most famous swordsman.

1600-1868 AD	*Rise of Bushido Edo-Tokugawa Rule*
1600	a. Muso Gonnosuke begins his Jujutsu Ryu-ha. b. Ch'uan-fa (Fist Method) Atemi begins to receive emphasis. c. Battle of Sekigahara: Ieyasu victorious. d. Japan invades Okinawa.
1644	e. Chen Yuon Ping introduces Chinese Kenpo to Japan.
1649-1716	f. Hagakure of Tsunemoto Yamamoto.
1697-1769	g. Komo Mabuchi.
1700	h. Kenjutsu breaks into Kendo. i. Formulation of the code of Bushido.
1702	j. "47 Ronin".
1730-1801	k. Motori Narinagu.
1776-1843	l. Hiratu Atsutane.
1853	m. Admiral Perry opens Japan to trade with the West.

1868-1912 AD	*Meiji Restoration*
1882	a. Kano Jigoro developed Judo out of the decadent Jujutsu.
1894-95	b. Sino-Japanese War. Japan gains control over Korea only to lose it by threat of the Russian, French, and German coalition.
1904-05	c. Russo-Japanese War. Japan beats Russia and takes over Manchuria.
1910	d. Japan annexes Korea.

1912-1926 AD	*Taisho Era*
	a. Okinawa-Te encouraged the Japanese to revive the study of Atemi.
1922	b. Karate-Jutsu imported from Okinawa to Japan by Funakoshi Gichin.
1930	c. Dan-Kyu system formed by Kano for Judo but is later adopted by many Budo systems. d. Mabuni Kenwa arrives in Japan from Okinawa. e. Miyagi Chojun arrives in Japan from Okinawa.
1931	f. Japan again invades Manchuria.


For a current update on the martial arts events, please review Martial Arts - Traditions, History, People, by John Corcoran and Emil Farkas.



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OKINAWA	Martial Arts as well as other cultural happenings. Ryukyuan combat arts consist primarily of empty-hand fighting techniques, but include some developments of the stick and the bow.
1669-1890	On the surface, Okinawa-Te developed as a crude Japanese Bugei with the emphasis on empty-hand fighting. The truth is truly stranger than fiction, please read Weaponless Warriors by Richard Kim to begin to appreciate the true Karate spirit, values, and skill. Note the frequent travels by some masters to China for "re-inoculation"; re-inoculation of what? Stay tuned.
1903-1930	a. Te becomes an authorized course of study in the schools.
1906	Anko Itosu deliberately changed and concealed certain crucial elements in the art of Ryukyu Kempo so that it could be taught to schoolchildren.² They in turn innocently perpetuated the incorrect art form to the Japanese and later to American servicemen. This is why we have a proliferation of an incomplete art today. "It is our contention that vital knowledge has been withheld from us, the knowledge of pressure points and their purpose as applied in the arts of Kyusho-Jitsu (striking pressure points) and tuite or torite (using pressure points for joint manipulation). We also believe that this knowledge is fully contained in the formal exercises (kata) of the martial arts."³
1915??	b. The term Karate-Jutsu is taken and used to mean Te with a resultant ideogram that reflected the Chinese influence (T'ang) on the martial arts. c. "Karate-Jutsu" - Chinese hand art.
1922	d. Gichin Funakoshi travels to Japan at the request of the Japanese government.
1930	e. Kenwa Mabuni (Shito-Ryu founder) leaves for Japan.


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KOREA	a. Korean Martial Arts have two dominant tap roots. The first of these was the nomadic peoples of the Mongolian Steppes; the other was the Chinese peoples. Defeat of the Koreans (108 BC) by the Chinese under Wu Ti brought the Koreans a system of highly developed fighting arts. b. For three and a half centuries while the Koreans were trying to push the Chinese out of their country, Korea was ruled by three kingdoms or states:
109BC-668 AD	1. *Koguryo Era* - very dynamic. Use of armor and headgear. Use of the reflex bow, the "Humming Bulb" arrow. Use of spear and swords on horseback.
57BC-935 AD	2. *Silla Era*
	a. Tae Kwon Do - system of empty-hand and foot techniques borrowed from T'ang Dynasty in China, known as T'ang's hand, also known as Twang Su, Subak, Kwonpup, Tae Kwonpup. b. Hwarang Do - idea meaning "Way of the flower of Manhood". The Do implied a way traveled in life. c. Sorim Temple School - swift evasive movements and jumping attacks.
892-935 AD	3. *Paekche* - Instead of a military culture, Paekche became a center of culture. Buddhism helped the people to find a country of Buddhist expression. Temple cities and the arts flourished.

1392-1910 AD	*Yi Kingdom*
	a. Fencing was developed. b. Techniques in bow and arrow and horsemanship learned from the Mongols were highly developed. c. Judo, Kendo, Juken-jutsu (bayonet art) brought from Japan and taught. But Japan tried only to expose Koreans to the Martial Arts in a sportive way.


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BURMA
1000 AD	End of Indian influences; Chinese influences began.
1044-1077	a. King Anawrahta ruler. Monks teach unarmed and armed skills. Systems - a blend of Chinese and Indian, stressing footholds, breathing, meditation, and yielding concepts.
1287	b. Division of Burma into smaller states.
1551	c. Unification of Burmese states.
1885	d. Britain takes over until Burmese independence in 1948. *Thainq* - practiced for hundreds of years; systems of armed and unarmed combat.
	Unarmed: Armed:
	1. Bando 1. Sword
	2. Boxing 2. Staff
	3. Wrestling 3. Spear

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This concludes the historical overview.

History / Roots of the Yang Style Tai Chi Ch'uan

1000 BC	According to Theory 5 (See Chapter 7), The author speculates that an unknown medical practitioner / priest / warrior examined the then extant medical treatises on Chinese Medical Practices (Kampo) and extracted a knowledge of pressure points (cavities or tsubo), joint locks, and vulnerable vital areas. He or she tested them and found 36 (37) sure-fire ways to end a fight quickly whether against a single opponent or against multiple threats. This probably occurred three thousand years ago.⁴
400 AD	Shao Lin Temple in the Wu Dan Mountains (Not to be confused with the Shao Lin Temple in Henan Province) had a form of what appears to be *Tai Chi Ch'uan*.
502-557 AD	(Liang Dynasty or Period) - a form of *Tai Chi Ch'uan* was being taught and practiced.⁵ Military leader Cheng Li-Xi encourages soldiers to practice Tai Chi - "Cheng wrote essays documenting his soldiers successes to show the martial effectiveness of tai chi chuan. Several generations later in the Cheng family, Cheng Bi, a scholar of the Imperial Court, wrote that tai chi existed long before his illustrious military ancestor, Cheng Li-Xi"⁶
618-905 AD	(T'ang Dynasty) - a form of *Tai Chi Ch'uan* is being taught and practiced, called "Thirty-seven Postures". "...a martial artist named Xu Xin-Ping also recorded his tai chi knowledge. He called it tai chi kung, using the word kung, rather than chuan. Xu learned his martial art from Yu Huan-Zi. The form Xu learned was called the 37 form, which was similar to Cheng Ling-Xi's centruy-old tai chi form. Xu handed his..."⁷ form to the Song Family. Fourteen generations later, it was practiced by Song Yuan-Qiao.
1101 AD	Chang Shan-Fon (Chang San-Feng, Zhang San-Feng) is credited with originating the *Tai Chi Ch'uan* "...based upon the movements of the snake and white crane (or magpie) with internal power." ⁸ This conflicts with accounts that state that Chang San-Feng learned the techniques from a Taoist Fon Yi-Yuen. Further, this does not seem consistent with the use of chi and cavity press techniques - animals didn't employ them.
1279 AD	Story 1 - Tai Chi was created by a Taoist priest during the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) named Chang San-Feng (Zhang San-Feng) who learned it in a dream - Chang San-Feng was said to have lived 500 (1000) years. Story 2 - Another account states that "...at the age of 67, Zhang San-Feng gave up his job as a government official to become a recluse and to study longevity. Zhang studied tai chi chuan from a Taoist priest named Huo Long Ren (Fire Dragon Real Man)."⁹ One of Zhang's students was a member of the Song family, Song Yuan-Qiao - possibly two branches of the Tai Chi were merged at this point. Song Yuan-Qiao wrote a famous Tai Chi essay called, "Song's Tai Chi Kung".

The dates after Chang San-Feng, and his two students, Song Yuan-Qiao and Wang Dsung (Wang Zong-Yue) are not clearly documented; however, the names of the teachers and students are. After Cheng San-Feng, the techniques were passed on through the following lineage:

Wang Dsung (Wang Zong-Yue) in Shanshi Province, at some point afterWang, the Tai Chi Ch'uan was split into a Northern style and a Southern style. Wang passed the techniques on to
Chen Ton-Jou in Wen County, who passed them on to
Chang Soun-Shi in Hai Yen, who passed them on to
Yeh Gi-Mei in Shyh Ming, who passed them on to
Wang Dsung-Yueh in San You, who passed them on to
Chiang Fa (Jiang Fa) in Hebei.

Chiang Fa (Jiang Fa) of Heibei - Chiang Fa passed the Northern style Tai Chi techniques onto the Chen Family at Chen Jar in Hwai Ching County, Henan (Honan Province). The Chen family is said to have kept the practice of Tai Chi Ch'uan for over 420 years. This reputed 420-year monopoly by the Chen Clan may have been of a martial art called pow chui and not, as some have said, the Tai Chi. Please note, "The other Chen villagers didn't like Chen Chang-Xing practicing and teaching someone else's martial art, so they forbade him to teach the Chen style of pow chui. He was only allowed to teach the outsider's tai chi, mixing it with some of the pow chui movements."¹⁰ The Chen family split the (pow chui) techniques into an "old style" and a "new style". The "old style" was dogmatically practiced by Chen Chang-Shen. This may be resolved in that it is reputed that Cheng Chang-Xing studied the old Tai Chi Classics and rigorously applied the principles revealed; thus he earned the name "Straight Jacket" Chen.

Chen Chang-Xing (Ch'en Ch'ang-hsing, Ch'en Chaing-hsiang, Chen Chang-Shen) "Straight Jacket" Chen, Henan Province, China, taught the "old method" (Thirteen Postures) of Tai Chi Ch'uan to Yang Lu-Chan (Yang Lu-Shann). "He (Chen Chang-Shen) also passed his Tai Chi outside the family to Yang Lu-Shann and Li Bao-Kuai, both of Heibei Province. This Old Style is called Thirteen Postures Old Form (Shih San Shih Lao Jiah)."¹¹

Yang Lu-Chan (Fu-Kuai, Yang the Unsurpassed, the Great Restorer, 1798(9)-1872, age 74) founder of the Yang School - Yang Style. He began to "...study the basic concepts and philosophy of the Tai Chi. Like his master, he went back to the original concepts expressed by Chang San-Feng and also the two treatises supposed to have been written by the foremost pupil of the old originator."¹² It would appear that even with various modifications, splits, and merges over the preceding centuries, what was being taught as Yang Style Tai Chi Ch'uan was(is) in essence close to, if not exactly, what Chang San Feng and his student Wang Dsung-Yueh practiced and wrote about. This establishes a significant "peg point" that is approximately 120 years away from our time - please keep this is mind when reading Chapter 7 of the Work-book.

Yang Lu-Chan had three sons: #1 (Died early in youth)
Pan-hou or #2 (Yang Ban-Huo, 1837-1892 (d. 1881)), #2 had a student named Qian Yo (1834-1902) who was a member of the emperor's secuirty guard. Qian Yo taught a student named Wu Jian Quan (1870-1942). "Dissatisfied with the instruction which he had received, he made radical changes in the execution of all of the movements, emerging with a totally different system of exercises all his own...'After a continuous tradition of several centuries, it seems unfortunate that a break should occur in the concepts of Tai Chi...since the changes inaugurated by Wu in the movements of the art were without any strongly necessitated principles other than personal style.'"¹³
Chien-hou or #3 (Yang Jiann or Yang Chien-Huo, 1839 or 1842-1917) "Mr. Number Three is said to have equaled his father, the redoubtable Yang himself, in the execution of the Tai Chi."¹⁴ This gives us another "peg point" within approximately 80 years as to the authenticity and accuracy of the Yang style Tai Chi Ch'uan techniques.
Yang Chien-hou or #3 had two sons:¹⁵
Shao-hou (d. 1929)
Cheng-fu (Yang Chen-Fu, 1883-1936 (d. 1935)).
Yang Cheng-fu was an incredible Tai Chi practioner and fighter. "Yang Cheng-fu eventually became the most famous tai chi instructor of modern times."¹⁶ Yang taught the famous Cheng Man-Ching; Choy Hok-pang, the pioneer of Tai Chi Ch'uan in the United States; and Hu Yuen-Chou (Hu taught Doc Fai-Wong who taught Jane Hallander). This gives us another "peg point" within approximately 60 years as to the authenticity and accuracy of the Yang style Tai Chi Ch'uan techniques that are being taught today by Grand-master Yang Jwing-Ming, Master Doc Fai-Wong, and the legacy of Master Choy Kam-man.

Choy Hok-pang (1885-1958) taught his son Kam-man.
Choy Kam-man taught his son and John E. Doub, Sr. - Soke.
John Doub taught his son, John E. Doub, Jr., who is now teaching you.

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¹	Page 1, Tai Chi Ch'uan by Doc Fai-Wong and Jane Hallander, Unique Publications, 4201 Vanowen Place, Burbank, CA 91505, ISBN 0-86568-147-3
²	Page 38, Kyusho-Jitsu by George Dillman, George Dillman Karate International, 251 Mountain View Road, Reading, PA 19607, ISBN 0-9631996-1-7-PB
³	Page 33, Ibid.
⁴	Page 30, Tsubo, Vital Points for Oriental Therapy by Katsusuke Serizawa, MD, 1976, Japan Publications, Inc., Tokyo, Japan, ISBN 0-87040-350-8
⁵	Page 2, Advanced Yang Style Tai Chi Chuan Volume 1 by Yang Jwing-Ming, 1987, Yang's Martial Arts Association, 38 Hyde Park Avenue, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130, ISBN 0-940871-02-5
⁶	Page 1, Tai Chi Ch'uan by Doc Fai-Wong and Jane Hallander, Unique Publications, 4201 Vanowen Place, Burbank, CA 91505, ISBN 0-86568-147-3
⁷	Page 1, Ibid.
⁸	Page 10, Tai Chi Chuan by Yang Jwing Ming, 1982, Unique Publications, Inc., ISBN 0-86568-023-X
⁹	Page 3, Tai Chi Ch'uan by Doc Fai-Wong and Jane Hallander.
¹⁰	Page 5 & 6, Tai Chi Ch'uan by Doc Fai-Wong and Jane Hallander.
¹¹	Page 3, Advanced Yang Style Tai Chi Chuan Volume 1 by Yang Jwing-Ming.
¹²	Page 190 & 191, Tai Chi for Health by Edward Maisel, 1972, Holt, Rinehart, Winston, ISBN 0-940871-02-5
¹³	Page 197, Ibid.
¹⁴	Page 195, Ibid.
¹⁵	Page 4, Tai Chi by Cheng Man-ch'ing & Robert W. Smith, 1967, Charles E. Tuttle, Co., Rutland, Virginia, LCC # 67 - 23009
¹⁶	Page 8, Tai Chi Ch'uan by Doc Fai-Wong and Jane Hallander.